![]() In Nepal, the majority of school buildings are constructed using local materials, but little consideration is provided to the thermal environment required for comfort. Students require a comfortable thermal environment for better academic learning and health in general. ![]() When considering the current situation with summer overheating in the severe cold and cold regions, relevant codes should also be modified and improved accordingly to guide building design, so as to achieve low-carbon and energy-saving goals. Insulation on CLT buildings only results in an increase of 11–37 h. Concrete buildings with an insulation layer can experience overheating for 27–71 h more than buildings without an insulation layer. Thick insulation does increase the risk of building overheating, and the effect on concrete buildings is more pronounced. This is attributable to the different thermal mass of the materials. The results show that office buildings in the severe cold and cold regions experience overheating during summer, and CLT buildings are more prone to overheating than concrete buildings during summer. Finally, the influence of thermal insulation on building overheating is discussed, and some suggestions are put forward to improve the relevant national regulations in China. With reference to the overheating standard, the degree of overheating in six cities in the severe cold and cold regions was quantitatively analysed and the extent of overheating for the two building materials was compared. Two office building materials commonly used in this area, cross laminated timber (CLT) and concrete block, were simulated in this study. ![]() However, with global warming, improvements in the thermal performance of the building envelope and the urban heat island effect, office buildings in these regions are showing different degrees of overheating during summer. The severe cold and cold regions of China were considered to be cool regions during summer. The aims of the paper were to clarify whether office buildings in the severe cold and cold regions are overheating, especially those with natural ventilation, and whether potential overheating is related to the building materials. The assemblies with external airtight insulation boards were more airtight than assemblies with air barrier membranes and, in addition, assemblies with external soundproof insulation were shown to be necessary to achieve a comparable sound transmission loss to that of a modern assembly. The results suggested that the externally insulated assemblies limited the risk of condensation occurring inside structural cavities and allowed for faster drying than the modern assemblies when exposed to water infiltration or high water contents in all climates that were tested. The objective of this study was to propose fully externally insulated assemblies that could be used in cold and subarctic climates by assessing the benefits of the hygrothermal performance of these assemblies and by achieving a comparable airtightness and sound transmission performance to the modern assemblies that are currently built in North America. While externally insulated wall assemblies are widely recognized for their hygrothermal performance, few research projects have focused on the impact of shifting the entire wall insulation to the exterior side of a structural cavity in cold or subarctic climates or its effectiveness in terms of acoustic performance and airtightness.
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